Diabetes and thyroid disorders are two hormonal conditions that often occur together and strongly influence each other’s course. When thyroid hormone levels are either too high or too low, they can disturb glucose regulation, alter insulin sensitivity and make diabetes more difficult to control. At the same time, long-standing diabetes and poor glycemic control can interfere with normal thyroid function, leading to changes in TSH levels, hormone conversion and thyroid gland structure. This two-way interaction increases the risk of complications such as cardiovascular disease, neuropathy and metabolic instability. Certain diabetes medications-especially metformin-may also affect thyroid hormones, while others need to be used cautiously in individuals with thyroid disease. Studies show that thyroid dysfunction is more common in people with diabetes, particularly women, older adults and those with metabolic syndrome. Because of these overlapping effects, routine screening, early detection and integrated management of both conditions are essential. Understanding this metabolic connection helps clinicians provide more effective, individualized care and improves overall patient outcomes.

Wound healing is a complex, dynamic process involving a number of molecular and cellular events involving thrombocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the total aqueous extract of Sacoglottis gabonensis stem bark (TAESg) on hematological and biochemical parameters during wound healing after oral and dermal administration in wistar rats. 42 rats were divided into seven groups of six rats. Group 1 received no treatment; groups 2, 3 and 4 were treated orally with distilled water, Flukocin^® and TAESg respectively; groups 5, 6 and 7 were treated dermally with distilled water, Baneocin^® and TAESg respectively. Three blood samples were taken from the retro-orbital sinus before induction, after induction and after wound treatment. These blood samples were used to determine the levels of hematological and biochemical parameters. This study showed that thrombocyte count and sedimentation rate in TAESg-treated rats were reduced compared with those of negative control rats treated with distilled water after treatment. TAESg also restored leukocyte, albumin and CRP levels. The same observations in TAESg-treated rats were made in positive control rats treated with Flukocin^® and Baneocin^®. Ultimately, TAESg possesses healing activity by acting on key molecules and cells in the wound healing process.

PCOS, or polycystic ovarian syndrome, is a complex physiological disorder that primarily results in infertility in women who are of a reproductive age. Insulin resistance, polycystic ovaries, hyperandrogenism, and chronic anovulation are its hallmarks. Drug therapy and lifestyle changes are common components of management. However, adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are frequently linked to the medications used to treat PCOS, which can lower therapeutic efficacy and compliance.This case study aims to evaluate the adverse effects of first and second-line PCOS treatments. Despite their effectiveness, first-line medications like clomiphene, metformin, combined oral contraceptives and anti-androgens can result in lactic acidosis, thrombosis, ovarian hyperstimulation, gastrointestinal distress and hormonal imbalance. Hepatotoxicity, osteoporosis, hypertension and cardiovascular disease can result with second-line medications such as letrozole, flutamide, sibutramine and desogestrel/ethinyl estradiol. The adverse effects of these medications can have a substantial influence on long-term health outcomes, even while they treat problems like infertility, hirsutism and metabolic dysfunction. Through patient surveys and data analysis, this study emphasizes the significance of tailored treatment, cautious medication selection and ongoing ADR monitoring. Further research is needed to develop safer, more targeted medications that improve symptom management and the overall quality of life for women with PCOS.

A common heart disorder that affects the main blood veins supplying the heart muscle is called coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease is typically brought on by an accumulation of lipids, cholesterol and other materials in and on the arterial walls. We refer to this accumulation as plaque. crucial structural component of cellular membranes is cholesterol. Furthermore, it is the precursor of numerous substances, including the building blocks for the production of vitamin D, steroid hormones and bile acids. Despite this understanding, a high blood cholesterol level raises the risk of CHD. Acute hepatitis, malnourishment, anemia, hyperthyroidism, and Gaucher's disease are all associated with low cholesterol levels. Diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease are associated with elevated levels. When compared to the standard, our data showed that oral treatment of methanolic extract of Gymnema sylvestre Whole plants (2.0mg/kg) and Gymnema sylvestre (5.0mg/kg) considerably reduced the high concentration of LDL in hypercholesterolaemic rats. Because GI lowers serum LDL and triglycerides, it may be a suitable option for treating atherosclerosis.