In the present study, the ability of scavenging free radicals of aqueous extract of Cassia fistula flowers was determined by using Phytochemical screening and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydrogen peroxides scavenging assay (H2O2) and superoxide anion radical scavenging (SOD). The results showed that the aqueous extract of Cassia fistula flowers has a significant antioxidant activity. Thus, the study suggests that Cassia fistula has a better source of natural antioxidants, which might be helpful in preventing the progress of oxidative stress.

Objective: Ruta chalepensis is belongs to the family of Rutaceae is locally known as Tena’adam contains extremely wide variety of aromatic plants, among them rich is the genus Ruta. It is ornamental and medicinal plant rich used in the treatment of inflammation, ulcer, hypotension, reproductive disorders and menstrual problems. Therefore, present study was focused on preliminary phytochemical analysis of different extract (methanol, acetone, and aqueous) and analgesic activity evaluated by Mice. Methods: The Analgesic Activity was studied by Tail immersion method diclofenac sodium 10mg/kg and acetic acid induced (0.2ml of 1% acetic acid and 0.25ml of 3% acetic acid) module acute toxicity study and preliminary phytochemical screening was also studied to evaluate the toxicity. Results: No toxicity profile was observed in rats after oral administration of the leaf extract of methanol, acetone, and aqueous of Ruta chalepensis dose of 2000mg/kg. There was significant (p<0.001) reduction in biochemical parameters with respect to control. Phytochemical screening of the fruit extract revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and Cardiac Glycosides. Conclusion: Generally this research data indicates Ruta chalepensis has both analgesic effect and acute toxicity on mice at specific dose due to the presence of active ingredients like tannins, alkaloids, glycosides and flavonoids. Ruta chalepensis therefore has acute toxicity at dose of 2000mg/kg when taken orally. The study validates its traditional use in analgesic treatment depend on doses below 500mg/kg.

Background: Frequent consumption of fructose and saturated fatty acids increase risk of metabolic syndrome (MS). Features of MS include insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, visceral obesity, and hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Nigella sativa and ginger in ameliorating features of MS. Methods: Induction of MS in rats by high‐fructose high‐fat fed diet was certain after 8 weeks. Animals were divided into four groups: normal control, MS control group given saline, MS groups given Nigella sativa (4ml/kg), and ginger (500mg/kg) daily for 4 weeks. Blood pressure, heart rate, CK-MB, and LDH were estimated. Also renal function and antioxidant activity were evaluated. In addition, to CRP, and fibrinogen determined. Results: Nigella sativa and ginger caused decrease in both MS‐induced increase in blood pressure and heart rate. They reduced creatinine, BUN, uric acid, albumin, and MDA with increased GSH, and SOD. Drugs also decreased CRP, and fibrinogen compared with MS control group. Conclusion: Nigella sativa and ginger ameliorate cardiac and renal complication of MS via their antioxidant activity.

Background: Rubella virus is an envelope, posi¬tive-sense, RNA virus. Itis a member of the Rubivirus genus in the family Togaviridae. Rubella is a viral disease causes German measles, a mild, self-limiting, fe¬brile, exanthematous infection in children and adults. The most Complications of rubella infection occur if the infection acquired in the early months of pregnancy. Resulting in abor¬tion, stillbirths and congenital rubella syndrome. There is need to determine the immunological status of rubella -specific IgG antibodies among schoolgirls after getting rubella vaccine, in Hodeidah city, Yemen. Objective: This study was designed to estimate the rubella seroprevalence IgG antibodies among vaccinated schoolgirls by (MR) vaccine, in Hodeidah city, Yemen. Method: 270 blood samples obtained from nine schools girls vaccinated by (MR) vaccine, whose ages ranged from 11 to19 years in Hodeidah city, during the period of December 2017 to November 2018. IgG antibodies of rubella virus were tested by commercial ELISA kits. Result: Overall, prevalence rate of 94.1 (254/270) of the subjects were positive for anti-rubella IgG indicating immunity to rubella infection, 5.9% were negative for anti-rubella IgG. Conclusion: Our results indicate a high rate of protective levels of rubella-specific IgG in school girls in Hodeidah city, Yemen. There is need to increase public awareness about the importance of rubella immunization against infection by rubella disease.

In chemical education too much consideration is given to Chemistry and not enough attention to education. A lot many difficulties are experienced by the students in Organic Chemistry. Organic Chemistry is only introduced at the surface level in the secondary classes. The Organic Chemistry formula, nomenclature, curved arrow diagram, mechanization of reaction have been considered the most difficult topic at grade 11. To alleviate the misconception and difficulties in chemistry and to facilitate cognitive development the context based programme and 9 E learning cycles are some innovative teaching methodologies to be inculcated. The researcher and the practicing teacher has developed innovative programmes to germinate the thinking skills. It focuses on the concept of role and particulate nature of a substance. Result of the present paper reveals that it is effective in enhancing students understanding any conceptual chemistry.