Salmonella typhi is constantly varying in its antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance pattern. Albeit developed nations spearheaded 1960s preparatory anti-microbial guidelines to forestall determination for resistance against more than two antibiotics which is known as “multi-drug resistant organism” and this trait is very common in S. typhi. Anti-infection agents were utilized for the treatment of typhoid fever all around. Among anti-microbials, to treat enteric fever, chloramphenicol was the principle medication of decision before 1970s. S. Typhi which was mostly fluoroquinolone-resistant, had a place with a particular H58 subclade of this specie. Treatment disappointment with S. Typhi-H58 was fundamentally less incessant with ceftriaxone (3/31; 9.7%) than Gemifloxacin (15/34; 44.1%). In Brazil, Dublin strains confined somewhere in the range from 1983 to 2016 among people (83) and creatures were composed by PFGE and MLVA. Klemn et al. Has reported the primary huge scale rise and spread of a new S. Typhi strain carrying decrease in sensitivity from basics first-line drugs (ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) just as antibiotic resistance reported from Sindh, Pakistan for fluoroquinolones and several third-generation cephalosporins.

Infertility is a major health issue and approximately 60 to 80 million couples suffer from infertility world widely. It is estimated that 15 to 20 million couples are suffering from infertility as per W.H.O. in India. It is believed that one in every four couples in developing countries has been found to be affected by infertility. It is a disease of the reproductive system which defined as failure to achieve pregnancy despite of many attempts of unprotected sexual intercourse. Sexually transmitted infections and tubal damage are the leading causes of infertility. Infertility imparts emotional and psychological distress in affected couples. Homeopathy provides effective and safer options for the management of such problems.

The present research aimed at the in-vitro comparative study of the anthelmintic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of seeds of Apium leptophyllum and Apium graveolens using Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima Posthuma) at 2 different concentrations (10 and 20mg/ml) in two different vol. 10ml and 15ml respectively. The study involved the determination of the time of paralysis (P) and the time of death (D) of the worms. At the concentration of 20mg/ml in both volume i.e. 10ml and 15ml the Ethanolic extracts showed very potent activities as compared to the standard drug Albendazole at two different concentrations (10 and 20mg/ml) volume taken 15ml. Ethanolic extract gives more potent result than aqueous extract when compare to standard. But aqueous extract also shows anthelmintic activity. In conclusion, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of seeds of Apium leptophyllum and Apium graveolens as an anthelmintic have been confirmed and further studies are suggested to discover the active principles responsible for the activity.

The current study was carried out to evaluate the anticancer and antioxidant, properties of the selected medicinal plant which is commonly used in Indian traditional therapy. The selected plant such as Justicia tranquebariensis was extracted in 70% ethanol solvent and evaluated for their in vitro anticancer and antioxidant activities. Antioxidant activities of the extract was determined by using DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay, reducing power assays with ascorbic acid such as Metal chelating assay, Superoxide scavenging assay and Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. The results of the antioxidant study revealed that the selected Justicia tranquebariensis plant was found to be effective 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH), and superoxide radical (SOR) scavenging agents. The results of anticancer study indicate that the extract has potent cytotoxic activity toward the selected In vitro Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay showed increase %Mortality of EJTB 10µg/ml (17.33±0.34) EJTB 100µg/ml (76.23±0.43) and 5-FU 10µg/ml (34.33±0.42) 5-FU 100µg/ml (95.33±0.53) various concentrations of the plant extract as well as the positive control (5-FU). The results of the present findings revealed that the selected plant has a possible resource for the finding of unique anticancer, and antioxidant agents.

Lichens are known to synthesize a variety of secondary metabolites having varied activity in response to external environmental conditions. The use of lichens in medicine is due to their secondary metabolites that are unique compared to those of higher plants. Hence, the present study was designed to determine the bioactive compounds in the methanol extract of less explored lichen species Hypotrachyna infirma that has been collected from nonpolluted, high altitude area. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of methanol extract of Hypotrachyna infirma was investigated using Perkin-Elmer Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry. The GCMS analysis has shown the presence of different phytochemical compounds in methanol extract of Hypotrachyna infirma composition. A total of 40 compounds were identified with valuable biological activity in the above extract. From the results, it is evident that Hypotrachyna infirma contain various phytocomponents and is recommended as a lichen of phytopharmaceutical importance.